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Causes and Risk Factors Most Common Cause: Cigarette smoking (primary) Other Risk Factors: Biomass fuel exposure Air pollution Occupational dust/fumes Recurrent lung infections Aging Genetic Cause: Alpha-1 Antitrypsin deficiency (early-onset emphysema, especially in non-smokers) Pathophysiology (Simplified) Smoking or irritants inflammation elastase and proteases Loss of elastic recoil and destruction of alveolar walls Enlarged airspaces gas exchange surface Air trapping hyperinflation Types of Emphysema (based on lobes affected) 1

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The A } : CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) "Top Country Albums: 2014 Year-End Charts"

Enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration is needed to drive theoretical innovation and practical application in research on SGM tobacco use

Nicotine potentiates proatherogenic effects of oxLDL by stimulating and upregulating macrophage CD36 signaling

Acrolein increases macrophage atherogenicity in association with gut microbiota remodeling in atherosclerotic mice: protective role for the polyphenol-rich pomegranate juice