Medical conditions affecting absorption warrant particular attention : Pernicious anaemia : an autoimmune condition destroying gastric parietal cells, requiring lifelong B12 injections Gastrointestinal surgery : particularly gastric bypass, gastrectomy, or terminal ileum resection Inflammatory bowel disease : Crohn's disease affecting the terminal ileum impairs absorption Coeliac disease : untreated disease damages the small intestine, reducing B12 uptake Medication use : long-term metformin therapy (MHRA safety alert) or nitrous oxide exposure Symptoms suggesting possible B12 deficiency include : persistent fatigue, weakness, paraesthesia (pins and needles) in hands or feet, glossitis (sore, red tongue), mood changes, memory problems, or unexplained anaemia
The fleeting nature of the GHK-Cu half life demands it
particularly, it has a prominent effect on alcohol-lesions (i.e
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Important for brain development and function, supports immune function
Cognitive decline, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease The occurrence of vitamin B 12 deficiency prevails in the elderly population and has been frequently associated with Alzheimer's disease (reviewed in 63, 64)
These symptoms can also be signs of B12 deficiency
